The tariff actions, which could upend nearly $2.2 trillion in two-way annual U.S. trade, went live hours after Trump declared that all three countries had failed to do enough to stem the flow of the deadly fentanyl opioid.

The 25% tariffs on Canadian and Mexican goods, and a separate 10% tariff on all other imports, may cause prices on around a quarter of all consumer spending to rise 0.81% if businesses pass along half the costs, or 1.63% if the costs are fully transferred, according to a Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta study.