Epicardial LV pacing can be easily established by surgical approaches (via a limited left lateral thoracotomy or thoracoscopy). Despite its disadvantages, this surgically invasive technique can be ...

The main reason for unsuccessful measurements was high heart rate in 5 neonates or infants with epicardial pacing. These younger patients in whom threshold measurement by VCM was ineffective were ...

A study was conducted to assess the effect of not using postprocedural drains in patients receiving epicardial access on risk for complications.

“It was modified by Medtronic to be able to attach to a standard epicardial lead, allowing its use in infants.” Modified pacemaker for use in neonates, infants The present study included ...