As the fastest growing city in Upper Canada, as it was known until 1841, Toronto saw many Irish arrive on its shores. By the end of the 19th century almost one-third of Toronto’s population was born ...

However, its transnational influence on the British Empire’s policing, ongoing since the mid-19th century ... which the ‘hellish policy’ of Irish police reprisals gave rise rendered highly ...

More than 3,300 obsolete laws enacted in the 19th century are to be repealed under ... during British rule in Ireland. They include more than 2,500 proclamations offering rewards for apprehending ...

This led to the use of prisons as the main form of punishment and the introduction of the first professional police force in ... and punishment in 18th and 19th century Britain.